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Emerging and Re-emerging Viral Infections pp 103–122Cite as

Enabling Rapid Response to the 2014–2016 Ebola Epidemic: The Experience and the Results of the National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani

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Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AMIDPH,volume 972))

Abstract

The unprecedented epidemic of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in West Africa highlighted the need for stronger systems for disease surveillance, response, and prevention worldwide. Tackling an epidemic event today requires a broader view, not only limited to medical management of the patients, but which also includes heroic efforts by clinicians and public health personnel.

Since its foundation in 1936, INMI has been devoted to the prevention, diagnosis and care for infectious diseases. In 2009, INMI became a WHO collaborative center for clinical care, diagnosis, response and training on Highly Infectious Diseases. This paper is aimed to present the activities and the challenging issues encountered by INMI during the 2014–2015 EVD outbreak in terms of preparedness and response to the epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic and research controversial aspects of EVD, both in Italy and in the field.

*Author contributed equally with all other contributors.

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Author notes

    Authors and Affiliations

    1. National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, IRCCS, Via Portuense, 292, 00149, Rome, Italy

      Emanuele Nicastri, Concetta Castilletti, Mirella Biava, Francesco Maria Fusco, Nicola Petrosillo, Vincenzo Puro, Francesco Nicola Lauria, Maria Rosaria Capobianchi, Antonino Di Caro & Giuseppe Ippolito

    Authors
    1. Emanuele Nicastri
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    2. Concetta Castilletti
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    3. Mirella Biava
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    4. Francesco Maria Fusco
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    5. Nicola Petrosillo
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    6. Vincenzo Puro
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    7. Francesco Nicola Lauria
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    8. Maria Rosaria Capobianchi
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    9. Antonino Di Caro
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    10. Giuseppe Ippolito
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    Corresponding author

    Correspondence to Antonino Di Caro .

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    Editors and Affiliations

    1. Istituto Superiore di Sanità IRCCS, Roma, Italy

      Giovanni Rezza

    2. IRCCS, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Roma, Italy

      Giuseppe Ippolito

    Appendix 1

    Appendix 1

    1.1 Acknowledgements

    We are deeply indebted to:

    1. A-

      Members of the INMI EBOV Team- ID specialists: Nicola Petrosillo, Emanuele Nicastri, Nazario Bevilacqua, Evangelo Boumis, Stefania Cicalini, Pierangelo Chinello, Angela Corpolongo, Vincenzo Galati, Andrea Mariano, Silvia Rosati, Fabrizio Taglietti, Laura Vincenzi; Intensive care physicians: Mario Antonini, Ilaria Caravella, Gabriele Garotto, Luisa Marchioni, Micaela Maritti; Cardiologist: Gianluigi Biava; Radiologist: Elisa Busi Rizzi; Virology and Microbiology Laboratorians: Maria Rosaria Capobianchi, Antonino di Caro, Concetta Castilletti, Licia Bordi, Eleonora Lalle, Silvia Meschi, Daniele Lapa, Patrizia Marsella, Francesca Colavita, Roberta Chiappini, Antonio Mazzarelli, Serena Quartu, Claudia Caglioti, Mirella Biava, Chiara Agrati, Fabrizio Carletti, Federica Forbici, Maria Beatrice Valli, Isabella Abbate, Alessandra Amendola, Anna Rosa Garbuglia, Maria Grazia Paglia, Eugenio Bordi, Damiano Travaglini, Antonietta Toffoletti; Nurses: Gianni Battisti, Alessanda Coppola, Loredana De Marchis, Nicola De Marco, Paolo Giacomini, Fabio Di Gianbattista, Mario Guiducci, Antonio Marasco, Antonella Marzolini, Alessandro Mercuri, Paola Nieddu, Silvia Ondedei, Maurizio Vescovo, Laura Vitolo; Radiology Technician: Maurizio Morea; Biocontainment ambulance drivers: Gaetano Battisti, Marco Liguori.

    2. B-

      Members of the INMI involved in missions in Africa: Antonino Di Caro, Francesco Fusco Maria, Nicola Petrosillo, Emanuele Nicastri, Giuseppe Ippolito, Francesco Vairo, Eleonora Cimini, Domenico Viola, Antonella Vulcano, Francesca Colavita, Fabrizio Carletti, Carolina Venditti, Paola Zaccaro, Antonio Mazzarelli, Concetta Castilletti, Angela Cannas, Serena Quartu, Sabrina Coen, Silvia Meschi, Claudia Minosse, Roberta Chiappini, Mirella Biava, Maria Beatrice Valli, Germana Grassi, Daniele Lapa.

    3. C-

      INMI’s Institutional Independent Ethical Board: Mauro Moroni, Cinzia Caporale, Alberto Chiriatti, Giulio Maria Corbelli, Antonio Cristaudo, Fabio Francario, Caterina di Viggiano, Paolo Oliva, Fabrizio Palmieri, Patrizio Pezzotti, Luca Steardo, Giuseppe Ippolito, Andrea Antinori, Silvia Murachelli, Enrico Girardi, Cristina Costa.

    4. D-

      Members of the EMLab: Stephan Guenther, Martin Gabriel, Kilian Stoecker, Erna Fleischmann, Roman Wölfel, Giuseppe Ippolito, Maria Rosaria Capobianchi, Antonino Di Caro, Concetta Castilletti, Silvia Meschi, Francesco Vairo, Fabrizio Carletti, Francesca Colavita, Serena Quartu, Angela Cannas, Antonio Mazzarelli Beate Becker-Ziaja, Stephane Mely, Anne Bocquin, Edmund Newman, Christopher Hugh Logue, Jasmine Portmann, Misa Korva, Kis Zoltan, Gordian Schudt, Svenja Wolf, Anne Brüggemann, Anne Kelterbaum, Thomas Strecker, Andreas Kurth, Matthias Wagner, Peter Molkethin, Alexandra Fizet, Bernadett Palyi, Lisa Jameson, Barry Atkinson, Andrew Bosworth, Elisa Pallasch, Claudia Kohl, Constanze Yue, Heinz Ellerbrok, Marlis Badusche. Lisa Oestereich, Martin Rudolf, María Dolores Fernández García, Janine Michel, Kristina Schmidt, Cesar Munoz-Fontela, Anja Lüdtke, Dirk Becker, Simone Priesnitz, Miles Carroll, Gryseels Sophie, Benny Borremans, Saïd Abdellati, Tine Vermoesen, Martin Richter, Andreas Nitsche, Britta Liedigk, Simon Clarke, Howard Tolley, Simon Bate, James McCowen, Steve Thomas, Thomas Pottage, Catherine Pratt, Eeva Kuisma, Didier Ngabo, Jule Hinzmann, Sachse Andreas, Doreen Muth, Benjamin Meyer, Annette Kraus, Antje Hermelink, Ute Hopf-Guevara, Sandra Beermann, Rappe Julie, Piet Maes, Liana Kafetzopoulou, Sophie Duraffour, Johanna Repits, Marc Mertens, Sandra Diederich, Ruth Thom, Jan Peter Böttcher, Jochen Trautner, Jan Baumann, Jonathan Baum, Amadou Bah, Rupert Bliem, Nicola Cook, Babak Afrough, Ulrike Arnold, MariaInes Vitoriano, García Dorival, Graciela Isabel, Deborah Ehichioya, Kloth, Stefan María del Mar Cabeza Cabrerizo, Nicole Hetzelt, Katja Nitzsche, Marianne Collier, Kristina Brauburger, Álvaro Camino, Rickett Natasha, Zekeng Elsa-Gayle, Kosgey Abigael, Carter Lisa, Juliane Dörrbecker, Tobias Holm, Lauren Cowley, Kasonta Rahel, Kristina Schierhorn, Christopher Intemann, Verena Klümpers, Rahel Yemanaberhan, Ghebreghiorghis Luam, Katrin Singethan, Susann handrick, Livia Patrono, Enkirch Theresa, Anna Maisa, Sarah Meisel, Ochieng Melvin, Dixon Claire, Ulrike Thalmeier.

    5. E-

      Memebers of EMERGENCY, NGO: Gino Strada, Gina Portella, Luca Rolla, Rossella Miccio, Valeria Minardi, Ahmad Umar, Checcarelli Elisabetta, Delli Guanti Michela, Giovanella Elena, Gottardello Davide Guastalegname Maurizio, Jocic Milos, Monti Giorgio, Parsons Clare, Rossi Nicola, Salvati Giampiero, Scaccabarozzi Giovanna, Sisillo Erminio, Tagliabue Paola, Turella Marta, Valdatta Caterina.

    6. F-

      Italian Institutions: Ministry of Health of Italy, Minister (Beatrice Lorenzin), Chief of the Cabinet (Giuseppe Chinè), Diplomatic Adviser to the Minister (Luigi Ferrari), Director General for health prevention (Ranieri Guerra), Directorate for health prevention infectious diseases and board health control offices (Maria Grazia Pompa, Loredana Vellucci and their staff), USMAF Fiumicino (Francesco Paolo Maraglino e the staff) e USMAF Malpensa (Mario Germagnoli and the staff), Spokesperson of the Minister (Claudio Rizza), Chief of Press Office (Fabio Mazzeo), Press Office (Consuelo Gasperini); Italian Presidency of Council – Office of Humanitarian and Governmental flights (Giovanni Bardelli); Ministry of foreign affairs, Crisis Unit (Claudio Taffuri, Edoardo Pucci); Italian Air Force (Roberto Biselli, Piervalerio Manfroni, Pasquale Preziosa and all the staff involved in the medical evacuation from Sierra Leone to Italy); National Blood Center (Giuliano Grazzini); National Drug Agency- AIFA (Marra Anna Rosa Marra, Sandra Petraglia, Maria Paola Trotta, Patrizia Marconi, Francesca Mastroianni, Luca Pani); Customhouses of Fiumicino and Malpensa; The Polizia di Stato who made the escort during the transport of the patient and of the drugs; the fire department and Carabinieri who escorted the transport of patient; the Italian Red Cross for the participation in the transport; the Department of Civil Protection (Marco Rinaldelli, Laura Trovalusci, Alessandro Bianco) supported by Damiano Travaglini (Regional Blood Center); the staff of blood center at S. Camillo hospital (Michela Miceli, Marco Possenti, Barbara Rizzoli, Alessandro De Rosa); the Lazio Region, the President (Nicola Zingaretti) General Director for Health (Flori Degrassi), General Directorate for Health (Amalia Vitagliano), Director of the Control Room (Alessio D’Amato).

    7. G-

      International Institutions: World Health Organization WHO-Geneva Switzerland – Nahoko Shindo (Lead, Ebola Clinical Standards), Nicola Magrini (Department of Essential Medicines), Maurizio Barbeschi (Global Capacity, Alert and Response); European Commission, DG SANCO (Michel Pletschette, Paolo Guglielmetti, John Ryan); Special Pathogens Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (Gary Kobinger, Xiangguo Qiu); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA (Timothy Uyeki).

    8. H-

      European Institutions: Bernhard Nocht Institute for tropical medicine, Section Parasitology (Egbert Tannich); University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany. Infectious Diseases Unit (Timo Wolf), Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine (Kai Zacharowski), blood center (Richard Schäfer); University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland, Intensive Care (Jérôme Pugin), Infectious Diseases/Virology (Laurent Kaiser, Pauline Vetter); Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain: Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Service (José R Arribas), Blood Center (Aurora Viejo, Mercedes Gazquez Juarez); Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (María Paz Sanchez-Seco, Pedro Anda); Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament et des produits de santé-ANSM (Alban Dhanani); Etablissement de Préparation et de Réponse aux Urgences Sanitaires – EPRUS (French Establishment for the Preparation and Response to Health Emergencies), La plaine Saint Denis, France (Lionel de Moissy, Frédéric Grelet); IHU Mediterranee Infection, Southern France Referral Center for Ebola Care, Marseille, France (Philippe Brouqui); Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, Paris, France, (Yazdan Yazdanpanah); Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios (AEMPS) Madrid-Spain (César Hernàndez Garcìa); Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad, Madrid-Spain (Karoline Fernández de Hoz Zeitler); Embassy of Japan in Rome (Yuki Yamaguchi).

    9. I-

      Industrial research, diagnostic, pharmaceutical and regulatory companies: Altona Diagnostics GmbH. Hamburg, Germany (Stephan Ölschläger); Chimerix Ltd. Durham North Carolina- USA (Garreth Nichols, Michelle Berrey); Metis Clinical UK (Allison Morgan); Optum- Regulatory Services, Life Sciences Orlando, Florida (Silvia Bendiner); Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd./Fuji Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. Japan (Hiroshi Kitaguchi, Satoru Uriya); Medivector Boston, MA, USA (Carol R. Epstein); Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc. San Diego, CA USA (Tara Nyhuis, Larry Zeitlin); Health Ricerca e Sviluppo – HR&S, Massa Lombarda, RA, Italy (Giorgio Noera, Claudio Camerino); MChE-F4Pharma, Vienna, Austria (Thomas Steiner); Accella Advisors GmbH, Uetliburg SG, Switzerland (Petra Wülfroth).

    10. J-

      Couriers: the staff of the couriers who performed a participative delivery of drugs and plasma PHSE, DHL (Carlo De Ruvo), World Courier, Federal Express and especially for PHSE (Emmanuela Cannizzaro, Gianluca Meneguzzi).

    11. K-

      Contractors operating at INMI: the staff of Sameco for transport and dispose of special waste; the staff of Manutencoop for cleaning (Marco Tuminiello); the staff of security companies (Città di Roma Metronotte, Roma Union Security) for control of access to high biocontainment isolation and laboratories areas.

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    Nicastri, E. et al. (2016). Enabling Rapid Response to the 2014–2016 Ebola Epidemic: The Experience and the Results of the National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani. In: Rezza, G., Ippolito, G. (eds) Emerging and Re-emerging Viral Infections. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology(), vol 972. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2016_134

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