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Investigating geostatistical methods to model within-field yield variability of cranberries for potential management zones

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Abstract

Cranberry harvesting methods give only one yield value per field making characterization of within-field variation, the usual first step in precision farming, difficult. Time-consuming berry count yield and fruit rot estimations are the best “ground truth” indication of yield variation within fields. Correlations and coincidence of binary classifications based on less expensive methods such as enhanced vegetation index (EVI) from imagery, and area to point (AtoP) kriging of useable, poor quality and trash yields were compared with this “ground truth”. In general AtoP kriged values gave higher correlations and kappa statistic values with berry counts and fruit rot than EVI. Geostatistical disaggregation of per field yield totals using AtoP kriging with EVI as an external drift (AtoPKED) was also investigated. Factorial kriging was used to separate the several scales of variation in “ground truth” and EVI data and determine which ones were most spatially coherent/manageable and which related best to the AtoP kriged data. The spatial trend component of pre-harvest berry counts and AtoP kriging of yields both gave a good initial definition of spatially coherent, relatively permanent management zones. They were related to topography and depth of water table in the soil which are key factors governing cranberry yield. AtoP kriging or AtoPKED are recommended for defining management zones as they are less expensive than berry counts. The value of AtoP kriging to precision farmers for other crops to map soils at the farm scale with some imagery and just one bulked soil sample per field or use nutrient levels associated with each polygon of traditional soil survey maps is discussed in the conclusions.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful for the reviewer’s comments which helped improved this paper markedly. Ocean Spray Cranberries Inc. provided yield data. Funding was provided as part of USDA-IFAFS Grant # 2001-52103-11310. Larisa Pozdnyakova Golovko of RiceTec, Alvin, TX, collected and pre-processed data. Dan A. Sims, Ball State University, calculated EVI values and Richard Shaw USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Somerset, NJ conducted the GPR field surveys. Dr. Goovaerts’ work was funded by Grant 1R21 ES021570-01A1 from the National Cancer Institute. The views stated in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the NCI.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geography, Brigham Young University, 690 SWKT, Provo, UT, USA

    R. Kerry

  2. BioMedware Inc., 121 W. Washington St., 4th Floor-TBC, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    P. Goovaerts

  3. Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ, USA

    D. Giménez

  4. Department of Plant Biology & Pathology, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ, USA

    P. Oudemans

  5. USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, 220 Davidson Ave, Somerset, NJ, USA

    E. Muñiz

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Correspondence to R. Kerry.

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Kerry, R., Goovaerts, P., Giménez, D. et al. Investigating geostatistical methods to model within-field yield variability of cranberries for potential management zones. Precision Agric 17, 247–273 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-015-9408-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-015-9408-7

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