Skip to main content
Log in

Hot Tearing of Aluminum Alloys

A Critical Literature Review

  • Published:
International Journal of Metalcasting Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Hot tearing is a common and severe defect in casting and it is perhaps the pivotal issue defining an alloy’s castability. The subject has been extensively studied through various perspectives for decades and more recently computational models have been developed; however, despite these accomplishments there is confusion in the literature. The governing mechanisms and the control of hot tearing are not totally clear. Experiments show inconsistent results and different opinions exist about what roles processing or alloy factors play. WPI’s Casting Center (ACRC) initiated a major project devoted to developing a reliable experimental apparatus/methodology to quantitatively study hot tearing and to use it in studying the effects of various parameters on hot tearing. As part of this endeavor, a comprehensive literature review was conducted. The review focuses on: (i) Theories of hot tearing; (ii) Hot tearing variables; and (iii) Test methods. A summary of hot tearing criteria/models are also provided.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Monroe, C., Beckermann, C., “Development of a Hot Tear Indicator for Steel Castings,” Materials Science and Engineering A, vol. 413-414, pp. 30–36 (2005).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Campbell, J., Castings, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  3. Novikov, I. I., “Goryachelomkost Tsvetnykh Metallov i Splavov (Hot Shortness of Non-Ferrous Metals and Alloys),” p. 299 (1966).

  4. Sigworth, G. K., “Hot Tearing of Metals,” AFS Transactions, vol. 104, pp. 1053–1062 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  5. Eskin, D. G., Suyitno, Katgerman, L., “Mechanical Properties in the Semi-Solid Sate and Hot Tearing of Aluminum Alloys,” Progress in Materials Science, vol. 49, pp. 629–711 (2004).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Metz, S. A., Flemings, M. C., “A Fundamental Study of Hot Tearing,” AFS Transactions, vol. 78, pp. 453–460 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  7. Körber, F., Schitzkowski, G., “Determination of the Contraction of Cast Steel,” Stahl Und Eisen, vol. 15, pp. 128–135 (1928).

    Google Scholar 

  8. Briggs, C. W., The Metallurgy of Steel Castings, McGraw-Hill, London, p. 317 (1946).

    Google Scholar 

  9. Middleton, J. M., Protheroe, H. T., “The Hot-Tearing of Steel,” Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, vol. 168, pp. 384–397 (1951).

    Google Scholar 

  10. Briggs, C. W., Gezelius, R. A., “Studies on Solidification and Contraction in Steel Castings II-Free and Hindered Contraction of Cast Carbon Steel,” AFA Trans, vol. 42, pp. 449–476 (1934).

    Google Scholar 

  11. Briggs, C. W., Gezelius, R. A., “Studies on Solidification and Contraction in Steel Castings IV-the Free and Hindered Contraction of Alloy Cast Steels,” AFA Trans, vol. 44, pp. 1–32 (1936).

    Google Scholar 

  12. Verö, J., “The Hot-Shortness of Aluminum Alloys,” The Metals Industry, vol. 48, pp. 431–434, 442 (1936).

    Google Scholar 

  13. Pumphrey, W. I., Jennings, P. H., “A Consideration of the Nature of Brittleness at Temperature Above the Solidus in Castings and Welds in Aluminum Alloys,” J. Inst. Metals, vol. 75, pp. 235 (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  14. Bishop, H. F., Ackerlind, C. G., Pellini, W. S., “Metallurgy and Mechanics of Hot Tearing,” AFS Transactions, vol. 60, pp. 818–833 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  15. Pellini, W. S., “Strain Theory of Hot Tearing,” Foundry, vol. 80, pp. 125–199 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  16. Bishop, H. F., Ackerlind, C. G., Pellini, W. S., “Investigation of Metallurgical and Mechanical Effects in the Development of Hot Tearing,” AFS Transactions, vol. 65, pp. 247–258 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  17. Davidson, C., Viano, D., Lu, L., Stjohn, D., “Observation of Crack Initiation during Hot Tearing,” International Journal of Cast Metals Research, vol. 19, pp. 59–65 (2006).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Saveiko, V. N., “Theory of Hot Tearing,” Russian Castings Production, vol. 11, pp. 453–456 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  19. Rosenberg, R. A., Flemings, M. C., Taylor, H. F., “Nonferrous Binary Alloys Hot Tearing,” AFS Transactions, vol. 69, pp. 518–528 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  20. Clyne, T. W., Davies, G. J., “A Quantitative Solidification Test for Casting and an Evaluation of Cracking in Aluminium-Magnesium Alloys,” The British Foundrymen, vol. 68, pp. 238–244 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  21. Pumphrey, W. I., Lyons, J. V., “Cracking during the Casting and Welding of the More Common Binary Aluminum Alloys,” J. Inst. Met., vol. 118, pp. 439–455 (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  22. Upadhya, G., Cheng, S., Chandra, U., “A Mathematical Model for Prediction of Hot Tears in Castings,” Light Metals, pp. 1101–1106 (1995).

  23. Chamberlain, B., Watanabe, S., “A Natural Aging Aluminum Alloy, Designed for Permanent Mold Use,” AFS Transactions, vol. 85, pp. 133–142 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  24. Sigworth, G. K., Rios, O., Howell, J., Kaufman, M., “Development Program on Natural Aging Alloys,” AFS Transactions, vol. 112, pp. 387–408 (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  25. Dodd, R. A., Pollard, W. A., Meier, J. W., “Hot Tearing of Magnesium Casting Alloys,” AFS Transactions, vol. 65, pp. 100–118 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  26. Pekguleryuz, M. O., Vermette, P., “A Study on Hot-Tear Resistance of Magnesium Diecasting Alloys,” AFS Transactions, vol. 114, pp. 729–736 (2006).

    Google Scholar 

  27. Spittle, J. A., Cushway, A. A., “Influence of Superheat and Grain Structure on Hot-Tearing Susceptibilities of Al-Cu Alloy Castings,” Metals Technology, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 6–13 (1983).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Sadayappan, M., Sahoo, M., Shkuka, M., Yang, B. J., Smith, R. W., “Effect of Melt Processing and Magnetic Field on the Hot Tearing of Al-Cu Alloy A201,” AFS Transactions, vol. 110, pp. 407–415 (2002).

    Google Scholar 

  29. Easton, M., Grandfield, J., St John, D., Rinderer, B., “The Effect of Grain Refinement and Cooling Rate on the Hot Tearing of Wrought Aluminum Alloys,” Materials Science Forum, vol. 30, pp. 1675–1680 (2006).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Easton, M., Wang, H., Grandfield, J., St John, D., Sweet, E., “An Analysis of the Effect of Grain Refinement on the Hot Tearing of Aluminum Alloys,” Materials Science Forum, vol. 28, pp. 224–229 (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  31. Lin, S., Aliravci, C., Pekguleryuz, M. O., “Hot-Tear Susceptibility of Aluminum Wrought Alloys and the Effect of Grain Refining,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, vol. 38, pp. 1056–1068 (2007).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. D’Elia, F., Ravindran, C., “Effect of Ti-B Grain Refiner on Hot Tearing in Permanent Mold Cast B206 Aluminum Alloy,” AFS Transactions, vol. 117, pp. 139–148 (2009).

    Google Scholar 

  33. Matsuda, F., Nakata, K., Shimokusu, Y., “Effect of Additional Element on Weld Solidification Crack Susceptibility of Al-Zn-mg (Report I),” Transactions of Japanese Welding Research Institute, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 81–87 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  34. Spencer, D. B., Mehrabian, R., Flemings, M. C., “Rheological Behavior of Sn-15 Pct Pb in the Crystallization Range”, Metallurgical & Materials Transactions B, vol. 3, no. 7, pp. 1925–1932 (1972).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Rodriguez, A., Chavez, R., Hernandez, J., Raymond, Y., Major, F. J., “Casting Trials for a Modified 206 Aluminum Alloy that Approaches the Strength of Ductile Iron without Hot Cracking Produced Encouraging Results,” Modern Casting, vol. 100, No. 1, pp. 42–44 (2010).

    Google Scholar 

  36. Fasoyinu, F. A., Sadayappan, M., Cousineau, D., Sahoo, M., “Effect of Grain Refinement on the Hot Tear Resistance and Shrinkage Characteristics of Permanent Mold Cast Yellow Brass (C85800),” AFS Transactions, vol. 106, 327–338 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  37. Warrington, D., McCartney, D. G., “Hot-Cracking in Aluminum Alloys 7050 and 7010 — a Comparative Study,” Cast Metals, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 202–208 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  38. Rappaz, M., Drezet, J.-M., Gremaud, M., “A New Hot Tearing Criterion,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 449–455 (1999).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Grandfield, J. F., Davidson, C. J., Taylor, J. A., “The Columnar to Equiaxed Transition in Horizontal Direct Chill Cast Magnesium Alloy AZ91,” Light Metals, 911–917 (2001).

  40. Singer, K., Benek, H., “Contribution to Hot Tears in Steel Castings,” Stahl and Sisen, vol. 51, pp. 61–65 (1931).

    Google Scholar 

  41. Bichler, L., Elsayed, A., Lee, K., Ravindran, C., “Influence of Mold and Pouring Temperatures on Hot Tearing Susceptibility of AZ91D Magnesium Alloy,” International Journal of Metalcasting, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 43–54 (2008).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Couture, A., Edwards, J. O., “The Hot-Tearing of Copper-Base Casting Alloys,” AFS Transactions, vol. 74, pp. 709–721 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  43. Lin, S., A Study of Hot Tearing in Wrought Aluminum Alloys, Ph.D. ed., University of Québec in Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, PQ, Canada (1999).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  44. Zhen, Z., Hort, N., Utke, O., Huang, Y., Petri, N., Kainer, K. U., “Investigations on Hot Tearing of mg-Al Binary Alloys by Using a New Quantitative Method,” Magnesium Technology (2009).

  45. Limmaneevichitr, C., Saisiang, A., Chanpum, S., “The Role of Grain Refinement on Hot Crack Susceptibility of Aluminum Alloy Permanent Mold Castings,” Proceedings of the 65th World Foundry Congress (2002).

  46. Sadayappan, M., Sahoo, M., Weiss, D., “Evaluation of the Hot Tear Susceptibility of Selected Magnesium Casting Alloys in Permanent Molds,” AFS Transactions, vol. 115, pp. 761–766 (2007).

    Google Scholar 

  47. Fasoyinu, Y., Sahoo, M., Sikorski, S., “Hot Tearing of Aluminum Alloys 206 and 535 Poured in Metal Mold,” Proceedings of the AFS 6th International Conference on Permanent Mold Casting of Aluminum and Magnesium, pp. 11–25 (2008).

  48. Hall, H. F., “The Strength and Ductility of Cast Steel during Cooling from the Liquid State in Sand Mold,” Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, vol. 15, pp. 65–93 (1936).

    Google Scholar 

  49. Singer, A. R. E., Jennings, P. H., “Hot-Shortness of the Aluminium-1043 Silicon Alloys of Commercial Purity,” J. Inst. Metals, vol. 72, pp. 197–211 (1946).

    Google Scholar 

  50. Oya, S., Hanma, U., Fujii, J., Othaki, M., “Evaluation of Hot Tearing in Binary Al-Si Alloy Castings,” Aluminium, vol. 60, no. 20, p. 777 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  51. Paray, F., Kulunk, B., Gruzleski, J. E., “Hot Tearing in 319 Alloy,” Int. J. Cast Metals Res., vol. 13, pp. 147–159 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  52. Gamber, E. J., “Hot Cracking Test for Light Metal Casting Alloys,” AFS Transactions, vol. 67, pp. 237–241 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  53. Singer, A. R. E., Jennings, P. H., “Properties of the Al-Si Alloys at Temperatures in the Region of the Solidus,” J. Inst. Metals, vol. 73, p. 33 (1947).

    Google Scholar 

  54. Langlais, J., Gruzleski, J. E., “A Novel Approach to Assessing the Hot Tearing Susceptibility of Aluminum Alloy,” Materials Science Forum, vol. 331-337, pp. 167–172 (2000).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Hamaker, J. C., Wood, W. P., “Influence of Phosphorus on Hot Tear Resistance of Plain and Alloy Gray Iron,” AFS Transactions, vol. 60, pp. 501–510 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  56. Guven, Y. F., Hunt, J. D., “Hot-Tearing in Aluminum Copper Alloys,” Cast Metals, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 104–111 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  57. Taumura, H., Kato, N., Ochiai, S., Katagiri, Y., “Cracking Study of Aluminum Alloys by the Variable Tensile Strain Hot Cracking Test,” Trans. Jpn. Welding Soc., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 63–69 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  58. Instone, S., St John, D., Grandfield, J., “New Apparatus for Characterizing Tensile Strength Development and Hot Cracking in the Mushy Zone,” International Journal of Cast Metals Research, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 441–456 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  59. Viano, D., St John, D., Grandfield, J., Cáceres, C., “Hot Tearing in Aluminium-Copper Alloys,” Light Metal (2005).

  60. Eskine, D., Zuidema, J., Jr., Katgerman, L., “Linear Solidification Contraction of Binary and Commercial Aluminium Alloys,” International Journal of Cast Metals Research, vol. 14, pp. 217–224 (2002).

    Google Scholar 

  61. Eskin, D. G., Suyitno, Mooney J.F., Katgerman, L., “Contraction of Aluminum Alloys during and After Solidification,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, vol. 35, pp. 1325–1335 (2004).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Stangeland, A., Mo, A., Dielsen, Ø., Eskin, D., Mhamdi, M., “Development of Thermal Strain in the Coherent Mushy Zone during Solidification of Aluminum Alloys,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, vol. 35, p. 2903 (2004).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Cao, G., Kou, S., “Hot Tearing of Ternary mg-Al-Ca Alloy Castings,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, vol. 37A, p. 3647 (2006).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Zhen, Z., Hort, N., Huang, Y., Petri, N., Utke, O., Kainer, K. U., “Quantitative Determination on Hot Tearing in mg-Al Binary Alloys,” Materials Science Forum, vol. 618-619, pp. 533–540 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Eskin, D. G., Katgerman, L., “A Quest for a New Hot Tearing Criterion,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, vol. 38, pp. 1511–1519 (2007).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Suyitno, Kool, W. H., Katgerman, L., “Hot Tearing Criteria Evaluation for Direct-Chill Casting of an Al-4.5 Pct Cu Alloy,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, vol. 36A, pp. 1537–1546 (2005).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Suyitno, Kool, W. H., Katgerman, L., “Evaluation of Mechanical and Non-Mechanical Hot Tearing Criteria for DC Casting of an Aluminum Alloy,” Light Metals, pp. 753–758 (2003).

  68. Dickhaus, C. H., Ohm, L., Engler, S., “Mechanical Properties of Solidifying Shell of Aluminum Alloys,” AFS Transactions, vol. 101, pp. 677 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  69. Lahaie, D. J., Bounchard, M., “Physical Modeling of the Deformation Mechanisms of Semisolid Bodies and a Mechanical Criterion for Hot Tearing,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, vol. 32, p. 697 (2001).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Williams, J. A., Singer, A. R. E., “Deformation, Strength, and Fracture Above the Solidus Temperature,” J. Inst. Met., vol. 96, pp. 5–12 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  71. Zhao, L. Y., Baoyin, Wang, N., Sahajwalla, V., Pehlke, R. D., “The Rheological Properties and Hot Tearing Behavior of an Al-Cu Alloy,” International Journal of Cast Metals Research, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 167–174 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  72. Magnin, B., Maenner, L., Katgerman, L., Engler, S., “Ductility and Theology of an Al-4.5%Cu Alloy from Room Temperature to Coherency Temperature,” Mater Science Forum, vol. 1209, pp. 217–222 (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  73. Prokhorov, N. N., “Resistance to Hot Tearing of Cast Metals during Solidification,” Russian Castings Production, vol. 2, pp. 172–175 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  74. Braccini, M., Martin, C. L., Suéry, M., Bréchet, Y., “Modeling of Casting,” Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes IX, pp. 18–24 (2000).

  75. M’Hamdi, M., Mo, A., Fjær, H. G., TearSim, “A Two-Phase Model Addressing Hot Tearing Formation during Aluminum Direct Chill Casting,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, vol. 37, pp. 3069–3083 (2006).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Clyne, T.W., Davies, G. J., “Solidification and Casting of Metals,” pp. 275–278 (1979).

  77. Katgerman, L., “A Mathematical Model for Hot Cracking of Aluminum Alloys during DC Casting,” J. of Metals, vol. 34, pp. 46–49 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Li, S., Apelian, D. Hot Tearing of Aluminum Alloys. Inter Metalcast 5, 23–40 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03355505

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03355505

Keywords

Navigation